A & L Family Oil, Llc Meriden, Ct
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a | |
| (Meet beneath) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | 1 Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Come across beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other letters normally used with | a(ten), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | 1 |
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English language alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] [2] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb 1] It is similar in shape to the Aboriginal Greek letter alpha, from which information technology derives.[3] The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the heart by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, specially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also institute in italic type.
In the English language grammer, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 Advertizing Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the offset letter of the Phoenician alphabet,[4] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is as well called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the antecedent of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[5] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with 2 horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no apply for a letter to stand for the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—and then they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called it past the like name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions afterward the Greek Nighttime Ages, dating to the eighth century BC, the letter of the alphabet rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of afterwards times it generally resembles the modernistic upper-case letter, although many local varieties can exist distinguished past the shortening of 1 leg, or by the angle at which the cantankerous line is set.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later on adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to exist used to write many languages, including English.
Typographic variants
Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the awe-inspiring or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. At that place was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was washed on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, at that place are non every bit many examples of this manner equally in that location are of the monumental, simply at that place are all the same many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such equally majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants as well existed that were intermediate betwixt the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.[6]
At the terminate of the Roman Empire (5th century Advert), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Amongst these were the semicursive minuscule of Italian republic, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the nowadays-solar day form, was the chief class used in book-making, earlier the advent of the printing press. This grade was derived through a combining of prior forms.[6]
Road sign in Ireland, showing the Irish "Latin alpha" form of "a" in lower and upper case forms.
15th-century Italy saw the formation of the 2 main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, also called script a, is used in almost electric current handwriting; information technology consists of a circumvolve and vertical stroke on the right ("ɑ"). This slowly adult from the fifth-century class resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English writers.[four] The Roman form is used in nearly printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over it ("a").[6] Both derive from the majuscule (uppercase) form. In Greek handwriting, information technology was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the correct leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed class, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten class. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one function of a text from the rest (set in Roman blazon). There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), too called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Apply in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ tin differ phonetically between [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English language
In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven different vowel sounds:
- the near-open front unrounded vowel /æ/ every bit in pad;
- the open up back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in father, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek audio;[5]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ as in ace and major (usually when ⟨a⟩ is followed by one, or occasionally ii, consonants and then another vowel alphabetic character) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;
- the modified grade of the higher up sound that occurs earlier ⟨r⟩, as in square and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of h2o;
- the shorter rounded vowel (non present in General American) in was and what;[4]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does not occur in native English words, merely is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.[seven] However, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own audio or sounds, specially ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the third-well-nigh-unremarkably used letter in English (after ⟨east⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second most common in Spanish, and the virtually mutual in Portuguese. Nearly 8.167% of messages used in English texts tend to be ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around seven.636% in French,[9] xi.525% in Castilian,[x] and fourteen.634% for Portuguese.[11]
Other languages
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open up unrounded vowel, such as /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a shut-mid front end unrounded vowel /e/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic note:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open forepart unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open up central unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open up dorsum unrounded vowel.
- in X-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the letter a along with diverse other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with diverse conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is still oftentimes followed, peculiarly in uncomplicated algebra.
In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.[vi] A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to correspond an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.[v]
"A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A-, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for make clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating outcome, as exposure to the alphabetic character A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.[thirteen]
"A" is used as a prefix on some words, such as disproportion, to mean "not" or "without" (from Greek).
In English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite article, used to introduce noun phrases.
Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,[v] or a small loving cup size in a brassiere.[14]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[xv]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open up back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin small letter of the alphabet alpha with retroflex hook[15]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open up fundamental vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned Five (besides called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open up-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open dorsum rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter small turned alpha[15]
- ᴀ : Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to correspond various sounds (mainly open up vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[16] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript pocket-sized a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[18]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[19]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned capital A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic alphabetic character Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive[20]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following messages derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic letter A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic alphabetic character Alpha[23]
- 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of modernistic Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following messages derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian letter Ayb
Lawmaking points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter of the alphabet in various systems
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN Capital letter A | LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-8 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric character reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family unit | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII ane | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 Too for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Use equally a number
In the hexadecimal (base of operations 16) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number 10 in decimal (base of operations 10) counting.
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the proper name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered As, A'south, as, or a's.[ii]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Description, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. ane
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. i
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. i
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. 1
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Letter frequency (English)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on iv March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on thirty September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden Urban center, NY: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Brusque Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Book: The Manner Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Constable, Peter (nineteen Apr 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Boosted Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (twenty March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode 6 Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xxx March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry Yard. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. Fifty., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Periodical of Archaeology. 7 (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 Feb 2022. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa M., ed. (2017). Agreement Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Linguistic communication and Culture: An Introduction (2d ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
References
- "English Letter of the alphabet Frequency". Math Explorer'south Gild. Cornell University. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Periodical of Educational Psychology. lxxx (1): 99–119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Kickoff ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-4.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. M. (1998). "A". In Ranson, Yard. Anne (ed.). Bookish American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (First ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-7.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-1-59339-837-8.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archeologist. 37 (3): 54–68. doi:ten.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, Due east.S.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English Lexicon. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2d ed.). Oxford, Britain: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-861213-1.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. |
 | Await up A or a in Wiktionary, the gratis dictionary. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Pupil's Reference Work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
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